10 unstable releases (3 breaking)
0.4.0 | Nov 2, 2024 |
---|---|
0.3.3 | Jul 29, 2024 |
0.3.0 | Mar 25, 2024 |
0.1.2 | Aug 23, 2024 |
#31 in Operating systems
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Used in 77 crates
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rustls-platform-verifier
A Rust library to verify the validity of TLS certificates based on the operating system's certificate facilities.
On operating systems that don't have these, webpki
and/or rustls-native-certs
is used instead.
This crate is advantageous over rustls-native-certs
on its own for a few reasons:
- Improved correctness and security, as the OSes CA constraints will be taken into account.
- Better integration with OS certificate stores and enterprise CA deployments.
- Revocation support via verifying validity via OCSP and CRLs.
- Less I/O and memory overhead because all the platform CAs don't need to be loaded and parsed.
This library supports the following platforms and flows:
OS | Certificate Store | Verification Method | Revocation Support |
---|---|---|---|
Windows | Windows platform certificate store | Windows API certificate verification | Yes |
macOS (10.14+) | macOS platform roots and keychain certificate | macOS Security.framework |
Yes |
iOS | iOS platform roots and keychain certificates | iOS Security.framework |
Yes |
Android | Android System Trust Store | Android Trust Manager | Sometimes[^1] |
Linux | System CA bundle, or user-provided certs[^3] | webpki | No[^2] |
WASM | webpki roots | webpki | No[^2] |
[^1]: On Android, revocation checking requires API version >= 24 (e.g. at least Android 7.0, August 2016). When available, revocation checking is only performed for the end-entity certificate. If a stapled OCSP response for the end-entity cert isn't provided, and the certificate omits both a OCSP responder URL and CRL distribution point to fetch revocation information from, revocation checking may fail.
[^2]: The fall-back webpki verifier configured for Linux/WASM does not support providing CRLs for revocation
checking. If you require revocation checking on these platforms, prefer constructing your own
WebPkiServerVerifier
, providing necessary CRLs. See the Rustls ServerCertVerifierBuilder
docs for more
information.
[^3]: On Linux the rustls-native-certs and openssl-probe crates are used to try and discover the system CA bundle.
Users may wish to augment these certificates with webpki-roots using Verifier::new_with_extra_roots
in case
a system CA bundle is unavailable.
Deployment Considerations
When choosing to use rustls-platform-verifier
or another trust store option, these differences are important to consider. They
are primarily about root certificate availability:
Backend | Updates | Roots used | Supports system-local roots |
---|---|---|---|
rustls-platform-verifier (non-Linux/BSD) |
Updated by OS | System store, with full (dis)trust decisions from every source available. | Yes |
rustls-native-certs + webpki |
Updated by OS | System store, with no (dis)trust decisions. All roots are treated equally regardless of their status. | Yes, with exceptions |
webpki-roots + webpki |
Static, manual updates required | Hardcoded Mozilla CA roots, limited support for constrained roots. | No |
In general: It is the opinion of the rustls
and rustls-platform-verifier
teams that this is the best default available for client-side libraries and applications
making connections to TLS servers when running on common operating systems. This is because it gets both live trust information (new roots, explicit markers, and auto-managed CRLs)
and better matches the common expectation of apps running on that platform (to use proxies, for example). Otherwise, it becomes your maintenance burden to
ship updates right away in order to handle increasing numbers of positive and negative trust events in the WebPKI/certificate ecosystem, or risk availability and security concerns.
Linux/BSD
As of the time of writing, rustls-platform-verifier
on these OSes only loads the trust stores from the OS once upon startup. This is the same behavior as rustls-native-certs
, but the
abstraction allows better behavior on the other platforms without extra work for downstreams.
Other
Alternatively, there is a clear answer to use static webpki-roots
in your application instead if you are deploying containerized applications frequently, where root store changes
will make it to production faster and any possibly used trust root is static by definition.
Even though platform verifiers are sometimes implemented in memory-unsafe languages, it is very unlikely that Rust apps using this library will become a point of weakness.
This is due to either using a smaller set of servers or just being less exposed then other critical functions of the operating system, default web browser, etc.
But if your activity is identical or close to one of the following examples that process large amounts of untrusted input, a 100% Rust option like webpki
is a more secure option:
- Seeing how many TLS servers
rustls
with a specific configuration can connect to. - Harvesting data from various untrusted TLS endpoints exposed on the internet.
- Extracting info from a known-evil endpoint.
- Scanning all TLS certificates on the open internet.
rustls-platform-verifier
is widely deployed by several applications that use the rustls
stack, such as 1Password, Bitwarden, Signal, and rustup
, on a wide set of OSes.
This means that it has received lots of exposure to edge cases and has real-world experience/expertise invested into it to ensure optimal compatibility and security.
Installation and setup
On most platforms, no setup should be required beyond adding the dependency via cargo
:
rustls-platform-verifier = "0.3"
To get a rustls ClientConfig
configured to use the platform verifier use:
use rustls::ClientConfig;
use rustls_platform_verifier::ConfigVerifierExt;
let config = ClientConfig::with_platform_verifier();
This crate will use the rustls process-default crypto provider. To construct a ClientConfig
with a different CryptoProvider
, use:
use rustls::ClientConfig;
use rustls_platform_verifier::BuilderVerifierExt;
let arc_crypto_provider = std::sync::Arc::new(rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider());
let config = ClientConfig::builder_with_provider(arc_crypto_provider)
.with_safe_default_protocol_versions()
.unwrap()
.with_platform_verifier()
.with_no_client_auth();
Android
Some manual setup is required, outside of cargo
, to use this crate on Android. In order to
use Android's certificate verifier, the crate needs to call into the JVM. A small Kotlin
component must be included in your app's build to support rustls-platform-verifier
.
Gradle Setup
rustls-platform-verifier
bundles the required native components in the crate, but the project must be setup to locate them
automatically and correctly. These steps assume you are using .gradle
Groovy files because they're the most common, but everything
is 100% applicable to Kotlin script (.gradle.kts
) configurations too with a few replacements.
Inside of your project's build.gradle
file, add the following code and Maven repository definition. If applicable, this should only be the one "app" sub-project that
will actually be using this crate at runtime. With multiple projects running this, your Gradle configuration performance may degrade.
$PATH_TO_DEPENDENT_CRATE
is the relative path to the Cargo manifest (Cargo.toml
) of any crate in your workspace that depends on rustls-platform-verifier
from
the location of your build.gradle
file:
import groovy.json.JsonSlurper
// ...Your own script code could be here...
repositories {
// ... Your other repositories could be here...
maven {
url = findRustlsPlatformVerifierProject()
metadataSources.artifact()
}
}
String findRustlsPlatformVerifierProject() {
def dependencyText = providers.exec {
it.workingDir = new File("../")
commandLine("cargo", "metadata", "--format-version", "1", "--manifest-path", "$PATH_TO_DEPENDENT_CRATE/Cargo.toml")
}.standardOutput.asText.get()
def dependencyJson = new JsonSlurper().parseText(dependencyText)
def manifestPath = file(dependencyJson.packages.find { it.name == "rustls-platform-verifier-android" }.manifest_path)
return new File(manifestPath.parentFile, "maven").path
}
Then, wherever you declare your dependencies, add the following:
implementation "rustls:rustls-platform-verifier:latest.release"
Cargo automatically handles finding the downloaded crate in the correct location for your project. It also handles updating the version when
new releases of rustls-platform-verifier
are published. If you only use published releases, no extra maintenance should be required.
These script snippets can be tweaked as best suits your project, but the cargo metadata
invocation must be included so that the Android
implementation part can be located on-disk.
Proguard
If your Android application makes use of Proguard for optimizations, its important to make sure that the Android verifier component isn't optimized out because it looks like dead code. Proguard is unable to see any JNI usage, so your rules must manually opt into keeping it. The following rule can do this for you:
-keep, includedescriptorclasses class org.rustls.platformverifier.** { *; }
Crate initialization
In order for the crate to call into the JVM, it needs handles from Android. These
are provided either the init_external
or init_hosted
function. These give rustls-platform-verifier
the resources it needs to make calls into the Android certificate verifier.
As an example, if your Rust Android component which the "native" Android part of your app calls at startup has an initialization, like this:
#[export_name = "Java_com_orgname_android_rust_init"]
extern "C" fn java_init(
env: JNIEnv,
_class: JClass,
context: JObject,
) -> jboolean {
// ... initialize your app's other parts here.
}
In the simplest case, you should to insert a call to rustls_platform_verifier::android::init_hosted()
here,
before any networking has a chance to run. This only needs to be called once and
the verifier will be valid for the lifetime of your app's process.
extern "C" fn java_init(
env: JNIEnv,
_class: JClass,
context: JObject,
) -> jboolean {
// ... initialize your app's other parts here.
// Then, initialize the certificate verifier for future use.
rustls_platform_verifier::android::init_hosted(&env, context);
}
In more advanced cases, such as where your code already stores long-lived handles into
the Android environment, you can alternatively use init_external
. This function takes
a &'static
reference to something that implements the android::Runtime
trait, which the
crate then uses to obtain the access when required to the JVM.
Credits
Made with ❤️ by the 1Password and rustls
teams. Portions of the Android and Windows verifier
implementations were adapted and referenced from Chromium's previous verifier implementations as well.
License
Licensed under either of Apache License, Version 2.0 or MIT license at your option.Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
Dependencies
~7–17MB
~309K SLoC